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The socio-economic diversity of tropical islands ranges from the Stone Age societies in the interior of North Sentinel, Madagascar, Borneo, and Papua New Guinea to the high-tech lifestyles of the city-islands of Singapore and Hong Kong. Granite islands include Seychelles and Tioman. Examples formed from coral reefs include Maldives, Tonga, Samoa, Nauru, and Polynesia. Atollsįurther information: Coral reef § FormationĪpproximately 45,000 tropical islands with an area of at least 5 hectares (12 acres) exist. Another hotspot in the Atlantic is the island of Surtsey, which was formed in 1963. Tristan da Cunha is an example of a hotspot volcano in the Atlantic Ocean. The southernmost chain is the Austral Islands, with its northerly trending part the atolls in the nation of Tuvalu. Another chain with similar orientation is the Tuamotu Archipelago its older, northerly trend is the Line Islands. An example is the Hawaiian Islands, from Hawaii to Kure, which continue beneath the sea surface in a more northerly direction as the Emperor Seamounts. Plate movement across a hot-spot produces a line of islands oriented in the direction of the plate movement. Over long periods of time, this type of island is eventually "drowned" by isostatic adjustment and eroded, becoming a seamount. A hotspot is more or less stationary relative to the moving tectonic plate above it, so a chain of islands results as the plate drifts. Both are in the Atlantic.Ī third type of volcanic oceanic island is formed over volcanic hotspots. There are two examples: Iceland, which is the world's second largest volcanic island, and Jan Mayen. The only examples in the Atlantic Ocean are some of the Lesser Antilles and the South Sandwich Islands.Īnother type of volcanic oceanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface. Examples are the Aleutian Islands, the Mariana Islands, and most of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring. One type of volcanic oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. Examples are the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean and Macquarie Island in the South Pacific Ocean. The few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface. The vast majority are volcanic in origin, such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. Other definitions limit the term to only refer to islands with no past geological connections to a continental landmass. Oceanic islands are typically considered to be islands that do not sit on continental shelves. Main article: High island Tectonic versus volcanic While some are transitory and may disappear if the volume or speed of the current changes, others are stable and long-lived.
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However, the spelling of the word was modified in the 15th century because of a false etymology caused by an incorrect association with the etymologically unrelated Old French loanword isle, which itself comes from the Latin word insula. Dutch eiland ("island"), German Eiland ("small island")). The word island derives from Middle English iland, from Old English igland (from ig or ieg, similarly meaning 'island' when used independently, and -land carrying its contemporary meaning cf.